Kenya’s education system has transitioned to the Competency-Based Education (CBE) framework, which introduces specialised career pathways for senior secondary students (Grades 10–12). This replaces the old 8-4-4 system, focusing on competency development and clearer career alignment.

Three Career Pathways

  • STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics): Tailored for learners interested in science, engineering, technology, and health fields. It includes tracks such as Pure Sciences, Applied Sciences, Technology & Engineering, and Career & Technical Studies. Subjects range from Physics and Chemistry to Aviation and Electrical Technology. Careers linked to this pathway include doctors, engineers, IT specialists, and pilots.
  • Social Sciences: Designed for students keen on understanding society, governance, economics, and business. It features Humanities & Business Studies and Languages & Literature tracks. Electives include History, Geography, Economics, and Business Studies. Graduates often pursue careers in law, journalism, diplomacy, banking, and public administration.
  • Arts and Sports Science: A new addition providing academic routes for creative and athletic talents. It comprises Performing Arts, Sports, and Visual Arts tracks. Subjects include Music, Theatre, Fine Arts, and Sports & Recreation Science. Career opportunities range from professional athletes and coaches to filmmakers, musicians, and graphic designers.

Core Subjects and Subject Load

All students take seven subjects: four compulsory core subjects—English, Kiswahili, Physical Education, and Community Service Learning—and three electives from their chosen pathway. Mathematics is delivered as Core Mathematics for STEM students and Essential Mathematics for others, accommodating different academic needs.

Pathway Placement and School Types

Placement into pathways is based on a weighted score combining Kenya Primary School Education Assessment (KPSEA), School-Based Assessments (SBA), and Kenya Junior Secondary Education Assessment (KJSEA) results. STEM requires a minimum score of 20, while Social Sciences and Arts & Sports require 25.

Schools are categorised as Triple Pathway (offering all three pathways) or Dual Pathway (offering two). Not all schools have facilities for every pathway, so parents should confirm availability before enrolment.

Flexibility and Progression

Students may request pathway changes after Grade 10, though this process is administratively complex and generally discouraged due to curriculum differences. Kenyan universities are adapting admissions criteria to recognise graduates from all three pathways, with Arts and Sports Science graduates eligible for degrees in fields like film, design, sports science, and education.